Activated Macrophages Inhibit Human Cytotrophoblast Invasiveness In Vitro1
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
Pre-eclampsia is associated with inadequate cytotrophoblast invasion and remodeling of the uterine spiral arterioles, as well as by an aberrant maternal immune response. This study determined the effect of activated macrophages and one of its products, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha, on cytotrophoblast invasiveness. Coculture with human lipopolysaccharide-activated macrophages decreased the ability of immortalized HTR-8/ SVneo human trophoblast cells to invade through reconstituted extracellular matrix (P < 0.05). This effect of activated macrophages on trophoblast invasiveness was paralleled by abrogation of a 55-kDa caseinolytic activity corresponding to prourokinase plasminogen activator (pro-uPA) and an increased secretion of plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 (PAI1), as determined by gel zymography and ELISA, respectively. Coculture with nonactivated macrophages did not significantly affect trophoblast invasiveness or pro-uPA and PAI1 secretion. Activated macrophages secreted detectable levels of TNF, and administration of exogenous TNF significantly decreased trophoblast invasiveness (P < 0.05), increased the secretion of PAI1 (P < 0.01), and completely inhibited the pro-uPA-associated caseinolytic activity by binding to the TNF receptor 1. Moreover, addition of up to 10 ng/ml of TNF did not increase the rate of apoptosis in HTR-8/SVneo cells. Finally, the increased secretion of PAI1 by trophoblast cells cocultured with activated macrophages was significantly inhibited when a neutralizing anti-TNF antibody was added to the cocultures. These results suggest that the aberrant presence of activated macrophages around uterine vessels may contribute to inadequate trophoblast invasion and remodeling of the uterine spiral arterioles. Thus, the presence of activated macrophages may be important in the etiology of pre-eclampsia.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it