Bibliographic record
Abstract
Oseltamivir is the ethyl ester prodrug of the antiviral molecule, oseltamivir carboxylate, a potent and selective inhibitor of influenza A and B neuraminidase (NA) (sialidase). It is highly bioavailable in capsule and suspension formulations and, after conversion to the active metabolite in the liver, distributes throughout the body, including the upper and lower respiratory tract. Oseltamivir carboxylate is 3% bound to human plasma proteins and eliminated through the kidneys by a first-order process as unchanged drug by glomerular filtration and tubular secretion by an anionic transporter system. Given these characteristics, its potential for adverse interactions with other drugs appears limited to those arising from competitive inhibition of excretion by the renal tubular epithelial cell anionic transporter. The terminal plasma elimination half-life is 1.8 h in healthy adults. Renal clearance is inversely related to renal function and averages 23 h after oral administration in individuals with creatinine clearance < 30 ml/min. In vitro studies have demonstrated potent antiviral activity against all strains of influenza A and B tested including avian H5N1 and H9N2 strains recently implicated in human cases in Hong Kong. Studies of both experimental and naturally-occurring influenza in humans have demonstrated efficacy in both the prevention and treatment of influenza A and B infection. The drug is well-tolerated with the only clinically important side effect being mild gastrointestinal upset. Resistance has been uncommonly seen after clinical use; the highest incidence was 5.5% in children treated for influenza A infection for 5 days. Viruses that develop resistance appear to be less virulent in laboratory animals and to replicate less efficiently than parent strains. Although oseltamivir and the M2 ion channel inhibitors, amantadine and rimantadine, have not been directly compared in clinical trials, the greater breadth of spectrum of oseltamivir, its modest side effect profile compared to amantadine and its lesser propensity to engender the emergence of transmissible drug-resistant strains all suggest strongly that oseltamivir is a significant new agent for the prevention and treatment of influenza. A series of controlled trials comparing M2 ion channel inhibitor drugs and the new neuraminidase (NA) inhibitor agents are now needed to test this hypothesis and thereby to further advance the science of antiviral drug use to control influenza.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.003 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".