Novel Anticoagulants: New Evidence for Emerging Drugs and Their Potential Application in Major Lower Limb Surgery
Why this work is in the frame
A frame that forgets how it found something cannot be audited. These are the routes that admitted this work.
Bibliographic record
Abstract
For decades, parenteral drugs, such as the low molecular weight heparins and unfractionated heparins or vitamin K antagonists, have been used as anticoagulants for prevention of venous thromboembolism following major lower limb surgery. However, these regiments have limitations that rendered the quest for new anticoagulants mandatory. Recently, research has been focused on the development of orally active small molecules that directly target thrombin or activated factor X (FXa). These regiments exhibit a number of characteristics that an “ideal” anticoagulant should possess. Currently, two agents, dabigatran etexilate and rivaroxaban, which inhibit thrombin and FXa, respectively have been approved in the European Union and Canada for venous thromboprophylaxis in patients undergoing elective hip- or kneereplacement surgery. Other agents are at an early or late stage of clinical evaluation. In this study, we summarize the current evidence for these new developed or under development drugs regarding their applications in the filed of lower limb orthopaedic surgery. Keywords: Novel, anticoagulants, oral, deep vein thrombosis, lower, limb, parenteral drugs, molecular weight heparins, unfractionated heparins, vita-min K antagonists, tivated factor X (FXa), dabigatran etexilate, rivaroxaban, venus thromboembolism (VTE), TKR, HFS, prophylaxis, THR, pulmo-nary embolism (PE), meta-analyses, low-dose unfractionated heparin (LDUH), unfractionated heparin (UFH), throm boxane A2, heparin induced thrombocytopenia, such as warfarin, aspirin, pharmacokinetics, antidote will, antithrombin, factors II, VII, IX, X, proteins C, S, ser-ine proteases, cascade, thrombin, Fondaparinux, Arixtra, GlaxoSmithKline, syn-thetic pentasacharride, ACCP, Indraparinux (Sanofi-Aventis), atrial fibrillation, biotin, avidin, Xarelto, Bayer, Schering Pharma, Wuppertal, Germany, Apixaban, Bristol-Meyers Squibb, Pfizer, APROPOS, LY517717, YM150, Betrixaban, Edoxaban (DU, –, 176b), Ximelagatran, Dabigatran Etaxilate
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it