Multidrug Resistance Reversal Effects of Aminated Thioxanthones and Interaction with Cytochrome P450 3A4
Bibliographic record
Abstract
PURPOSE: Aminated thioxanthones have recently been described as dual-acting agents: growth inhibitors of leukemia cell lines and P-glycoprotein (P-gp) inhibitors. To evaluate the selectivity profile of thioxanthones as inhibitors of multidrug resistance (MDR), their interaction with other ABC transporters, which were found to have a strong correlation with multidrug resistance, such as multidrug resistant proteins 1 (MRP1), 2 (MRP2) and 3 (MRP3) and breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP) was also evaluated. The interaction of thioxanthones with cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4) together with the prediction of their binding conformations and metabolism sites was also investigated. METHODS: The UIC2 monoclonal antibody-labelling assay was performed using P-gp overexpressing leukemia cells, K562Dox, incubated with eight thioxanthonic derivatives, in order to confirm their P-gp inhibitory activity. A colorimetric-based ATPase assay using membrane vesicles from mammalian cells overexpressing a selected human ABC transporter protein (P-gp, MRP1, MRP2, MRP3, or BCRP) was performed. To verify if some of the thioxanthonic derivatives were substrates or inhibitors of CYP3A4, a luciferin-based luminescence assay was performed. Finally, the in silico prediction of the most probable metabolism sites and docking studies of thioxanthones on CYP3A4 binding site were investigated. RESULTS: Thioxanthones interacted not only with P-gp but also with MRP and BCRP transporters. These compounds also interfere with CYP3A4 activity in vitro, in accordance with the in silico prediction. CONCLUSION: Thioxanthonic derivatives are multi-target compounds. A better characterization of the interactions of these compounds with classical resistance mechanisms may possibly identify improved treatment applications.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".