Retention of copper and nickel from aqueous solutions using manganese oxide‐coated burned brick
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Experiments were conducted to evaluate copper and nickel sorption on artificially manganese oxide‐coated burned brick (MCBb), a waste by‐product of brick industry. The effect of metal concentration, contact time, solution pH, and temperature on the amount of Ni(II) and Cu(II) sorbed was studied and discussed. Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm constants and correlation coefficients for the present systems at different temperatures were calculated and compared. The equilibrium process was well described by the Langmuir isotherm model: the maximum sorption capacities (at 293 K) were 2.4 mg Ni/g and 3.7 mg Cu/g for MCBb. Isotherms were also used to evaluate the thermodynamic parameters (Δ G °, Δ H °, and Δ S °) of adsorption. The sorption kinetics was tested for the pseudo‐first order, pseudo‐second order, and intraparticle diffusion models. Good correlation coefficients were obtained for the pseudo‐second‐order kinetic model, showing that nickel and copper uptake process followed the pseudo‐second‐order rate expression. © 2011 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 2011
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".