Investigation on the Cause of Damages of a Deep Tunnel
Bibliographic record
Abstract
A study is presented on the damages that developed in the segmented precasted concrete liner of a deep tunnel excavated by means of a tunnel boring machine (TBM). Various possible causes are considered i.e., the pore-water pressure acting on the liner; the excessive mountain pressure; the anisotropic in situ stress field; and the incomplete filling of the rock-lining gap. The in situ investigation, carried out to quantitatively assess the level and the extent of the damages, ruled out the pore pressure as the main source. In fact, minor water leakages were observed at the fractured sections. The remaining alternatives were analyzed through a series of nonlinear finite-element calculations in the plane strain regime. They account for the strain softening behavior of the lining and for the lack of tensile stresses at the rock-lining interface. The results give insight into the rock-liner interaction and show that the observed damages are likely to depend on the incomplete filling of the gap. On this basis some conclusions are drawn on the stresses developing within the liner and on the procedures suitable for its structural rehabilitation.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".