Branched-chain amino acid and lysine deficiencies exert different effects on mammary translational regulation
Why this work is in the frame
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
Deficiencies and imbalances of specific group II essential amino acids (EAA) were created in lactating cows by an infusion subtraction protocol to explore effects on milk production and abundance and phosphorylation state of regulators of mRNA translation in the mammary glands. Five lactating cows on a diet of 11.2% crude protein were infused abomasally for 5d with saline, 563 g/d of a complete EAA mix, or EAA mixes without the branched-chain amino acids (BCAA), Leu, or Lys in a 5 × 5 Latin square design. Milk protein yield was stimulated by EAA infusion and returned to saline levels upon subtraction of BCAA, Leu, or Lys. Mammary abundance of phosphorylated S6K1 was measured as an indicator of mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) activity and was found not to be affected by the complete EAA mix but was increased by the mixture lacking Lys. Total S6K1 abundances in mammary tissue were elevated by complete and BCAA-lacking infusions. All of the EAA treatments except the one lacking BCAA upregulated mammary eIF2Bε and eIF2α abundances, which is stimulatory to global mRNA translation. Phosphorylation state of eIF2Bε tended to decrease when complete or Lys-lacking EAA mixtures were infused. Phosphorylation state of eIF2α was not affected by treatment. We detected a correlation of 0.62 between phosphorylation state of S6K1 and total eIF2Bε abundance, and a correlation of 0.58 between phosphorylation state of S6K1 and total eIF2α abundance, suggesting that mTORC1 activation may have upregulated eIF2Bε and eIF2α expression. Despite maintenance of mammary eIF2Bε and eIF2α abundances during Leu and Lys deficiencies, milk protein yield declined, suggesting that other factors are responsible for mediating effects of Lys and Leu. A deficiency of all 3 BCAA may impair milk protein yield through deactivation of mTORC1-mediated upregulation of eIF2Bε and eIF2α abundances.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it