Bibliographic record
Abstract
The Frank Slide occurred on the east limb of the Turtle Mountain Anticline, which was thrust up along the folded and splayed Turtle Mountain Fault. Easterly dipping, Paleozoic limestones and dolomites then rested on sheared, weaker, Mesozoic clastic rocks and coal strata. Cordilleran glaciers steepened the eastern flank of Turtle Mountain but left buttressing kame moraines. These were eroded by the Crowsnest River, which was pushed against Turtle Mountain between its North and South Peaks by the growth of the alluvial fan of Gold Creek. Blairmore Group mudstones and shales beneath the moraines were susceptible to toppling. Photographs of the east slope of Turtle Mountain before the Frank Slide show disturbed vegetation, uneven topography, steep slopes, and rock fall deposits, all consistent with active slope movements. The Frank Slide may have been triggered by the freezing of melting snow in rock joints and by coal mining. Our calculations show that, while individual stopes may have been unstable, the mine pillars and the coal mine itself were stable. Numerical simulations of the coal mining in the Frank Mine suggest mining reduced the strength of the east slope of Turtle Mountain by less than 10% before the Frank Slide.Key words: Rocky Mountains, Frank Slide, coal mining, river erosion, toppling.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.012 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".