Changes in Limestone Sorbent Morphology during CaO‐CaCO<sub>3</sub> Looping at Pilot Scale
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract A pilot‐scale dual fluidized bed combustion system was used for CO 2 capture using limestone sorbent with CaO‐CaCO 3 looping. The sorbent was regenerated at high temperature using an air‐ or oxygen‐fired fluidized bed calciner with flue gas recycle firing hardwood pellets. Two limestones were evaluated for CaO‐CaCO 3 looping. Changes in the sorbent morphology during the tests were identified by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) with energy dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy (EDX). Changes in pore size distribution and sorbent surface area that occurred during reaction were determined by N 2 BET porosimetry. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) was used to determine the activity of the sorbent after processing in the dual fluidized bed combustion system. It was found that oxygen‐fired calcination with high CO 2 partial pressure reduced the effectiveness of the two limestone sorbents for CO 2 capture when compared to material calcined under oxygen‐enhanced air combustion. A shell 1–2 μm thick, with reduced porosity, was formed around the sorbent particle and is believed to be responsible for reduced conversion of CaO to CaCO 3 . It is believed that ash deposition contributes to the formation of the shell.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".