Linking individual size and wild and hatchery ancestry to survival and predation risk of threatened steelhead (<i>Oncorhynchus mykiss</i>)
Bibliographic record
Abstract
We examined the role of individual size and origin (wild versus hatchery) to predation risk and marine survival for threatened juvenile steelhead (Oncorhynchus mykiss) in a coastal California watershed. In this study, we found that individual size and origin were strongly associated with increased predation risk of steelhead by a generalist avian predator (western gull, Larus occidentalis) and associated with survival to reproduction by tracking the fate of juvenile steelhead tagged with passive integrated transponder (PIT) tags. Across six cohorts (2005–2010), larger steelhead (>170 mm fork length (FL)) experienced marine survival rates at least 60 times higher than the smallest individuals. Predation risk by western gulls was highest for intermediate-sized fish (145–190 mm FL), which was at least ten times higher than the predation risk of the smallest individuals and four times higher than the predation risk of the largest individuals. Wild steelhead experienced both higher predation risk and higher survival rates than hatchery fish of the same size. Although gulls disproportionately remove intermediate-sized wild steelhead from the population, they also remove large wild individuals that may otherwise experience the highest adult return rates. Instead of focusing on population size alone, conservation measures could also be guided towards the recovery of larger and wild individuals, whose survival is paramount for population recovery.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".