Photovoltaic cells with efficiency exceeding 10% using monocrystalline CuInSe/sub 2/ substrates
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Photovoltaic cells with the structure of ZnO/CdS/CuInSe/sub 2/ have been fabricated on single crystal CuInSe/sub 2/ substrates obtained from p-type Bridgman-grown ingots. A chemical bath method was used to deposit the CdS film onto the abrasively-polished CuInSe/sub 2/ substrates while RF sputtering was employed for the ZnO deposition. It was found that the performance of these cells were dominated by the high density of surface defects, which could be reduced by a substrate annealing prior to the CdS deposition. A conversion efficiency of 10.3% at about AM 1.5 under the Sun has been achieved on solar cells with an effective area of 8 mm/sup 2/. An antireflection coating was not used in the present case.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".