The Effect of Biphasic Inhalation Profiles on The Deposition And Clearance of Coarse (6.5 <i>μ</i> m) Bolus Aerosols
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The influence of particle size upon deposition in the human airways is well understood. Pharmaceutical aerosol formulators strive to generate fine aerosols with the potential to penetrate into the deep lung. However, flow rate can also have a major influence on deposition, particularly with coarse aerosols. This study investigated the use of biphasic flow profiles with low flow in the proximal conducting airway as a means of effecting efficient delivery of a coarse aerosol. The study shows that 6.5-microm MMAD aerosol droplets can be deposited in the lung with high efficiency. The delivery technique achieved greater than 70% of the inhaled dose deposited in the whole lung and greater than 50% deposited in the lung periphery. Furthermore, the biphasic flow profiles used, with initial low flow segments of between 300 mL and 900 mL inhaled volume at 8 L/min, are practical flow regimens that should be acceptable to patients and that can be applied to single-breath dry powder inhalers. Twenty-four-hour clearance and Penetration Index measurements were used as a marker for peripheral deposition, and the data show a clear correlation between Penetration Index and 24-h retention.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".