Small coronary artery fistulae in childhood: a 6-year experience of 31 cases in a tertiary paediatric cardiac centre
Bibliographic record
Abstract
BACKGROUND: This study describes the incidence and course of children with small coronary artery fistulae over a period of 6 years who presented at a paediatric tertiary-care centre. Materials and methods Age at diagnosis, mode of presentation, location (origin and drainage), and association with a cardiac defect were documented and analysed. All patients obtained an electrocardiogram, and older patients were further evaluated with an exercise treadmill test. RESULTS: A total of 31 patients were diagnosed with coronary artery fistula via transthoracic echocardiogram and comprised 0.43% of our entire patient group. Mean age was 6.14 years (standard deviation 5.4); 16 patients (52%) had associated cardiac defects. In the remaining 15 patients, the coronary artery fistula was discovered incidentally during diagnostic work-up for heart murmur or chest pain. Among all, 26 patients (84%) had left-sided and five patients (16%) had right-sided coronary artery fistulae. All right coronary artery fistula patients had associated cardiac defects; this was true for 42% of the patients with left coronary artery fistulae. None of the patients required any intervention due to the fistula, and spontaneous closure occurred in 12 patients (39%). CONCLUSION: Small coronary artery fistulae in children are frequently an incidental finding, and many will close spontaneously. Our data are supportive of a conservative, observant approach in asymptomatic patients with small coronary artery fistula in the paediatric population.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".