Fabrication of metal strip waveguides for optical and microwave data transmission
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Metal strip waveguides and devices suitable for high-speed digital signal transmission at both microwave and optical frequencies are fabricated and demonstrated in this work. The waveguide structure consists of three metal strips forming a coplanar waveguide (CPW) to support a microwave mode. In the proposed structure, the signal line consists of a copper strip sandwiched between two thin gold layers. The CPW ground planes are thin gold strips supporting long-range surface plasmon polaritons (LRSPPs) at optical frequencies. Thus, the proposed structure can simultaneously support LRSPPs at optical frequencies and microwave signals up to at least 40 GHz. The metalizations are patterned using bilayer photolithography followed by thermal evaporation. Then, to create the signal waveguide, an O2 plasma etch of the cladding and copper E-beam evaporation are used. The fabrication process steps are verified through experimental characterization. Microwave and optical transmission through the fabricated devices is demonstrated using radio frequency probes applied to the top of the device and optical fibers in an end-fire coupling configuration, respectively.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".