THE MEASUREMENT OF THE FLOW AROUND A SPHERE SETTLING IN A RECTANGULAR BOX USING 3-DIMENSIONAL PARTICLE IMAGE VELOCIMETRY
Bibliographic record
Abstract
A novel three-dimensional particle image velocimetry technique is used to measure the planar three-dimensional flow field about the centreline of a sphere sedimenting in a rectangular shaped box. Measurements are made in the center of the container and also one diameter from a plane wall. Results are presented for a sphere falling in both a constant viscosity elastic (Boger) fluid and a shear-thinning elastic liquid. In the center of the box, the flow field is essentially two-dimensional as expected. Near the wall, there is substantial out-of-plane motion in the shear-thinning solution due to the presence of the wall. Surprisingly, there is little out-of-plane motion for a sphere sedimenting near the wall in the Boger fluid. There are significant qualitative differences in the flow field for the sphere sedimenting in the shear-thinning and constant viscosity elastic liquids. The results are compared with previously published work for a sphere settling in a non-Newtonian fluid and also with results obtained in an identical geometry for a Newtonian fluid. Reasons for the differences in the velocity maps are discussed. The drag coefficient for each geometry and fluid is calculated.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".