BARRED GALAXIES IN THE ABELL 901/2 SUPERCLUSTER WITH STAGES
Bibliographic record
Abstract
We present a study of bar and host disk evolution in a dense cluster environment, based on a sample of ∼800 bright ( M V ⩽ −18) galaxies in the Abell 901/2 supercluster at z ∼ 0.165. We use Hubble Space Telescope ( HST ) Advanced Camera for Surveys (ACS) F606W imaging from the STAGES survey, and data from Spitzer , XMM-Newton , and COMBO-17. We identify and characterize bars through ellipse-fitting, and other morphological features through visual classification. We find the following results. (1) To define the optical fraction of barred disk galaxies, we explore three commonly used methods for selecting disk galaxies. We find 625, 485, and 353 disk galaxies, respectively, via visual classification, a single component Sérsic cut ( n ⩽ 2.5), and a blue-cloud cut. In cluster environments, the latter two methods suffer from serious limitations, and miss 31% and 51%, respectively, of visually identified disks, particularly the many red, bulge-dominated disk galaxies in clusters. (2) For moderately inclined disks, the three methods of disk selection, however, yield a similar global optical bar fraction ( f bar-opt ) of 34% +10% −3% (115/340), 31% +10% −3% (58/189), and 30% +10% −3% (72/241), respectively. (3) We explore f bar-opt as a function of host galaxy properties and find that it rises in brighter galaxies and those which appear to have no significant bulge component. Within a given absolute magnitude bin, f bar-opt is higher in visually selected disk galaxies that have no bulge as opposed to those with bulges. Conversely, for a given visual morphological class, f bar-opt rises at higher luminosities. Both results are similar to trends found in the field. (4) For bright early-types, as well as faint late-type systems with no evident bulge, the optical bar fraction in the Abell 901/2 clusters is comparable within a factor of 1.1–1.4 to that of field galaxies at lower redshifts ( z < 0.04). (5) Between the core and the virial radius of the cluster ( R ∼ 0.25–1.2 Mpc) at intermediate environmental densities (log(Σ 10 ) ∼ 1.7–2.3), the optical bar fraction does not appear to depend strongly on the local environment density tracers (κ, Σ 10 , and intracluster medium (ICM) density), and varies at most by a factor of ∼1.3. Inside the cluster core, we are limited by number statistics, projection effects, and different trends from different indicators, but overall f bar-opt does not show evidence for a variation larger than a factor of 1.5. We discuss the implications of our results for the evolution of bars and disks in dense environments.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".