Conditioning factors of iron ochre biofilm formation on geotextile filters
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This paper presents a study of ochre formation on geotextile filters. Ochre is a substance found sticking to solid surfaces of drainage systems and may cause clogging. Ochre formation is discussed based on the new concepts of biofilm development. Ochre formation is the result of microbial colonization and its affinity to iron compounds naturally found in seepage water. The aerobicnonaerobic interface in drainage systems is a very favourable locale for optimum development of iron bacteria. Laboratory studies were done to verify the influence of intrinsic characteristics of the geotextiles and environment on ochre formation. Because flow condition was not considered in the tests, however, these results may not represent real field performance of geotextile filters. Tests of biofilm formation were conducted in Erlenmeyer flasks containing culture mediums for iron bacteria and geotextile samples. Nonwoven polyester, nonwoven polypropylene, and woven polypropylene geotextiles were used in the tests. The study was performed considering different levels of iron concentration, available dissolved oxygen, and pH. Laboratory tests have shown the fundamental importance of iron bacteria activity, type of geotextile, and environmental conditions on ochre formation.Key words: ochre, clogging, filtration, biofilm, geosynthetics.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".