Commentary on “Toward a Neuroscience of Empathy: Integrating Affective and Cognitive Perspectives”
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Nell, V. (2006). Cruelty’s rewards: The gratifications of perpetrators and spectators. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 25: 211–224. Nishitani, N., Avikainen, S., & Hari, R. (2004). Abnormal imitation-related cortical activation sequences in Asperger’s syndrome. Annals of Neurology, 55: 558–562. Numan, M., & Insel, T. R. (2003). The Neurobiology of Parental Behavior. New York: Springer-Verlag. Panksepp, J. (1998a). Affective Neuroscience: The Foundations of Human and Animal Emotions. New York: Oxford University Press. Panksepp, J. (1998b). A critical analysis of ADHD, psychostimulants, and intolerance of childhood playfulness: A tragedy in the making? Current Directions in Psychological Sciences, 7: 91–97. Panksepp, J. (2001). The long-term psychobiological consequences of infant emotions: Prescriptions for the 21st century. Neuro-Psychoanalysis, 3: 140–178. Panksepp, J. (2002). The MacLean legacy and some modern trends in emotion research. In: G. A. Cory, Jr., & R. Gardner, Jr. (Eds.), The Evolutionary Neuroethology of Paul MacLean. Westport, CT: Praeger, pp. ix–xxvii. Panksepp, J. (2003). At the interface between the affective, behavioral and cognitive neurosciences: Decoding the emotional feelings of the brain. Brain and Cognition, 52: 4– 14. Panksepp, J. (2004). Altruism and helping behaviors: Neurobiology. In: Encyclopedia of Neuroscience (3rd edition), ed. G. Adelman & B. H. Smith. New York: Elsevier. Panksepp, J. (in press). Criteria for basic emotions: Is DISGUST a primary “emotion”? Cognition and Emotion. Panksepp, J., Gordon, N., & Burgdorf, J. (2002). Empathy and the action-perception resonance of basic social-emotional systems of the brain. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 25: 43–44. Preston, S. D., & de Waal, B. M. (2002). Empathy: Its ultimate and proximate bases. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 25: 1–72. Raine, A., & Yang, Y. (2006). Neural foundations to moral reasoning and antisocial behavior. Social, Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, 1: 203–213. Shewmon, D. A., Holms, D. A., & Byrne, P. A. (1999). Consciousness in congenitally decorticate children: Developmental vegetative state as self-fulfilling prophecy. Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology, 41, 364–374. Swain, J. E., Lorberbaum, J. P., Kose, S., & Strathearn, L. (2007). Brain basis of early parent–infant interactions: Psychology, physiology, and in vivo functional neuroimaging studies. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 48: 262–287. Toronchuk, J. A., & Ellis, G. F. (in press.). Disgust: Sensory affect or primary emotional system? Cognition and Emotion.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.007 | 0.038 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.003 | 0.003 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.005 | 0.010 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.006 | 0.011 |
| Open science | 0.009 | 0.004 |
| Research integrity | 0.053 | 0.073 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.008 | 0.009 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".