Retinoid Receptor Antagonists Alter the Pattern of Apoptosis in Organogenesis Stage Mouse Limbs
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Exposure of murine limbs in vitro to vitamin A (retinol) induces limb reduction defects and apoptosis. To assess the relative roles of the retinoic acid receptors (RARs) and the retinoid X receptors (RXRs), embryonic-day-12 murine limbs were cultured with selective RAR or RXR antagonists in the presence or absence of teratogenic concentrations of retinol. Both antagonists alone impaired limb development; in the presence of teratogenic concentrations of retinol, both attenuated limb malformations. Abnormal limb morphology, whether caused by excessive or attenuated retinoid signaling by retinol or either antagonist, respectively, was correlated with increased apoptosis after 24 h of drug exposure. We conclude that, in the developing limb, antagonists selective for either member of the RAR/RXR heterodimer attenuate retinoid signaling and block the teratogenic signaling of excess retinol. Improvements in limb morphology in the presence of either the RAR or the RXR antagonist coincided with restoration of the extent and localization of limb bud apoptosis to control patterns.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".