Bibliographic record
Abstract
Fine-grained soils, when exposed to cyclic freezing and thawing, generally, but not always, experience considerable increases in hydraulic conductivities, due to the formation of a system of fissures and cracks. Some soils, such as nonplastic or very low-plastic soils on the one hand, or very highly swelling soils on the other hand, do not experience such changes in permeability, even though after the freezing stages ice-filled separation zones can be commonly observed in the soil matrix. Self-healing of these cracks occurs during subsequent thawing and permeation. To identify possible self-healing mechanisms and to understand when they can be expected, data from freeze&thaw tests on fine-grained soils (as found in the literature and supplemented by a series of additional tests) were analyzed and discussed. Three main causes for closure of fractures in fine-grained soils could be identified: (i) an increase of effective stress above the level of the undrained shear strength of the intact soil; (ii) clogging of fractures by particles eroded from the fracture surfaces during permeation for non- or low-plastic soils; and (iii) swelling of the clay particles near the fracture surfaces in highly swelling clay. The boundaries between soils that were affected and those that were not affected by self-healing are quantified on the basis of standard classification tests, such as plasticity index and activity, for an initial assessment of their suitability as mineral soil liners.Key words: freeze-thaw, fine-grained soils, hydraulic conductivity, open fractures, self-healing, mineral soil liner.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".