Endophytic Colonization by Brazilian Strains of <i>Bacillus thuringiensis</i> on Cabbage Seedlings Grown <i>in Vitro</i>
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Bacillus thuringiensis is a very important bacterium used as a biological control agent of agricultural pests. It may be isolated from soil, water, plants and dead insects. Three Brazilian B. thuringiensis strains that present high activity to Lepidoptera pests were inoculated in the seeds of cabbage in order to study the penetration and endophytic colonization of this entomopathogen in cabbage using scanning electron microscopy. The ability of B. thuringiensis to colonize endophytic seedlings was verified by the presence of vegetative cells, spores and crystals of the four Brazilian B. thuringiensis strains in different parts of cabbage seedlings. The observation of B. thuringiensis structure on roots, shoots and leaves of cabbage revealed colonization predominantly on roots. The colonization was shown on the surface, near the stomata and inside stomata pores. The mechanism of penetration of B. thuringiensis probably occurs through openings and injuries in roots and then moves through the xylem until reaching the leaves. The endophytic colonization of B. thuringiensis did not affect the germination of seeds and initial seedling development. The strains labeled with radioisotopes were inoculated on cabbage and were detected inside the plant. This article demonstrates for the first time the ability of B. thuringiensis to colonize cabbage seedlings that are important to control the cryptic pest as P. xylostella and others endophytic insect’s pests.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".