SHAPE DIFFERENCES AMONG BOREHOLES DRILLED BY THREE SPECIES OF NATICID GASTROPODS
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Naticid gastropods leave a record of predation in the form of characteristic countersunk circular boreholes. We fed bivalve prey to naticids to test whether the ratio between the inner and outer borehole diameter differed among three Recent naticid species: Euspira heros, E. lewisii and Neverita duplicata. Fossil shells from a Miocene-aged assemblage, containing naticids previously identified as E. heros and N. duplicata, were also included in our analyses. Ratios of the inner to outer diameters of naticid boreholes in bivalve shells showed that there were significant differences in borehole shape between E. heros and the two other Recent species. We found no significant differences between the ratios of E. lewisii and N. duplicata; however, a principal component analysis showed that boreholes distinctly cluster according to species. The Miocene boreholes were also distinct from the Recent, indicating that the Miocene naticids may be a separate species from E. heros and N. duplicata. We have shown that there is a species-specific component to borehole geometry. This may have important implications for palaeobiological studies, because the index of borehole functionality, previously described as an inner to outer borehole ratio of 0.5 for all naticids, may differ between species.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".