Separated Flow Discrete Vortex Model for Nano-Scale Hovering Flapping Wings
Bibliographic record
Abstract
A simple and robust 2D vortex panel model has been developed that is capable of modeling separated flow of the type encountered by a very small flapping-wing vehicle when hovering. The model is applied to a standard test case that was based on the wing shape and flapping motions of Mentor, a hovering, flapping-wing vehicle. The panel model has attached-flow and separated-flow modes and solutions from both modes are compared to Navier-Stokes solutions. The model solves quickly and initial work suggests the separatedflow model is applicable over a large portion of the problem space, making it well suited to design optimization routines. Nomenclature c = chord f = flapping frequency h = linear plunge displacement of the point about which airfoil pitches H = plunging amplitude (peak value) of the point about which the airfoil pitches k = reduced frequency = πfc/V∞ St = Strouhal number t = time T = period V∞ = freestream velocity Vref = reference velocity Vtip max = maximum airfoil velocity due to plunging ΓLE = nascent leading edge wake vortex strength δ = phase angle (the angle by which pitching lags plunging) ν = kinematic viscosity ρ = fluid density θ = airfoil rotational displacement Θ = airfoil rotational amplitude (peak value)
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".