Volcanic heat flux and short‐term holomixis during the summer stratification period in a crater lake
Bibliographic record
Abstract
We sampled Lake Katanuma from 1998 to 2002 at weekly or biweekly intervals, except in winter. This dimictic volcanic lake has a pH of 2.0–2.2. In summer, volcanic heat at the lake bottom results in a small water temperature difference of 3–7°C between the epilimnion and hypolimnion. During the April‐A00B0tification period in 1998, 1999, and 2002, the entire water column mixed for 1‐8 d, when air temperature declined 4–8°C from the epilimnion temperature. During these mixing events, anoxic, hydrogen sulfide‐rich water from the hypolimnion spread over the entire lake. In contrast, distinct short‐term turnover did not occur during the stratification period in 2000 or 2001. However, the early onset of autumn turnover in August 2000 and 2001 caused anoxic conditions with negative Eh values to persist for ~2 weeks throughout the entire water column. Volcanic heat flux from the lake bottom fluctuated from 29.0 to 35.8 W m−2 from year to year. The frequency and duration of short‐term holomixis thus depended on interannual variations in volcanic heat flux and weather.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".