Hippocampal Size and Memory Functioning in Children and Adolescents with Congenital Hypothyroidism
Bibliographic record
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Despite early diagnosis and treatment of congenital hypothyroidism (CH) after newborn screening, selective and persistent neurocognitive weaknesses may be seen. One area of particular weakness is memory, especially on tasks known to be mediated by the hippocampus. However, the hippocampus has not been directly studied in this population. OBJECTIVE: Our objective was to use magnetic resonance imaging to determine whether children and adolescents with CH have reduced hippocampal size and abnormal hippocampal growth patterns relative to peers and whether reduced hippocampal volumes in CH predict poor memory performance. METHODS: Studied were 35 CH and 44 typically developing controls aged 9-15 yr. All were assessed using standardized tests of intelligence and verbal and visual memory and received an magnetic resonance imaging scan. Parents completed a questionnaire of their everyday memory functioning (EMF). Right and left hippocampal volumes were measured by manual tracing. RESULTS: CH subjects scored significantly below controls on indices of verbal but not visual memory as well as aspects of EMF. CH subjects also had smaller hippocampal volumes, particularly on the left side. Unlike controls, who showed a positive relationship between age and hippocampal volumes, age was unrelated to hippocampal size in CH. Structure-function correlations revealed significant relationships between hippocampal volumes and EMF in controls and modest correlations between hippocampal volumes and memory test scores but not EMF in CH. CONCLUSIONS: Compromised hippocampal development in CH may contribute to some of the memory weaknesses observed in this population.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".