Plasmablastic Lymphoma in the Testis and Duodenum: A Case Report and Literature Review
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Plasmablastic lymphoma (PBL) is a rare and highly aggressive subtype of non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma (NHL) associated with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and Epstein-Barr virus (EBV). There are over 300 reported cases of PBL, of which over 120 are reported in HIV-positive patients. Of HIV-negative patients, patients were either immunocompetent or immunosuppressed transplant recipients. Initial reports highlighted cases arising in the oral cavity of HIV patients and this remains the most prevalent site of disease. However, other sites such as the gastrointestinal tract and skin are the next most common sites. Only three cases have involved the testes, a sanctuary site. Of gastrointestinal sites, there are only a handful of cases with gastric involvement. In the pre-human antiretroviral therapy (HAART) era, median overall survival was dismal. However, prognosis has improved since their advent. There is no significant difference in the survival of HIV-positive and HIV-negative PBL patients. It should be emphasized that due to the scarcity of cases, there are no established standards of care or prospective therapeutic trials for the management and treatment of PBL. Chemotherapy remains the standard approach, though selecting a regimen is still controversial and while response has been good, overall survival remains poor. Since 1995, autologous hematopoietic cell transplantation (AHCT) has been the standard of care for relapsed chemosensitive HIV-negative NHL. In the era of HAART, this has become feasible for HIV patients. A few studies have suggested that use of AHCT in the first line setting and relapsed or refractory disease may confer better outcomes. Herein we describe a unique case of involvement in the testis and duodenum, and there are no previous reports of a patient presenting with both gastrointestinal and urogenital involvement. J Hematol. 2015;4(3):196-201 doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.14740/jh217w
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.010 | 0.008 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.003 | 0.005 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.004 | 0.003 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.004 | 0.002 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".