Effects of xylem cavitation and freezing injury on dieback of yellow birch (Betula alleghaniensis) in relation to a simulated winter thaw
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Shoot dieback, shoot growth, stem xylem cavitation, stem and root freezing injury, and root pressure were measured in 2-year-old, cold-hardened, potted yellow birch (Betula alleghaniensis Britt.) seedlings that had been subjected to a simulated winter thaw for 0, 5, 10, 19 or 27 days followed by 10 weeks at -10 degrees C. Stem xylem cavitation was determined as percent loss of hydraulic conductivity. Stem freezing injury was measured as electrolyte leakage (EL). Root freezing injury was determined by EL and by triphenyl tetrazolium chloride (TTC) reduction. Thaw duration was significantly correlated with dieback, new shoot growth, stem xylem cavitation, stem and root freezing damage, and root pressure (P < 0.05). In particular, shoot dieback was positively correlated with stem xylem cavitation (P < 0.001), residual stem xylem cavitation (P < 0.01) and root freezing injury (P < 0.010), but only weakly correlated with stem freezing damage (P < 0.05). In roots, freezing damage was negatively correlated with root pressure (P < 0.05), which, in turn, was negatively correlated with residual stem xylem cavitation after root pressure development. In stems, there was no correlation between freezing damage and xylem cavitation. We conclude that long periods of winter thaw followed by freezing resulted in freezing injury to roots concomitant with a reduction in root pressures, leading to poor recovery from freezing-induced xylem embolism.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".