Time-dependent behaviour of the Bearpaw Shale in oedometric loading and unloading
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Time-dependent behaviour can have a significant influence on the compressibility characteristics of soils. However, most of the research on this topic has investigated the behaviour of soft soils. In this paper, the time-dependent behaviour of a hard clay shale (Bearpaw Shale) is investigated using both one-dimensional multi-staged loading (MSL) oedometer and constant rate of strain (CRS) oedometer consolidation tests conducted on 25.0 and 16.9 mm diameter specimens. The results show that soft clays and hard clay shales that share the same C αe /[Formula: see text] ratio (where C αe is the secondary compression index and [Formula: see text] is the incremental compression index) will show the same approximately 7% change in pre-consolidation pressure for an increase of one log cycle of strain rate despite the many orders of magnitude difference in pre-consolidation pressure. In the case of the Bearpaw Shale, this 7% change in pre-consolidation pressure corresponds to approximately 700 kPa. The time-dependent behaviour of the Bearpaw Shale during unloading (C αe /[Formula: see text], where [Formula: see text] is the incremental swelling index) was observed to follow a similar ratio to that observed in compression (C αe /[Formula: see text]). While the exact nature of the compression and swelling events that have occurred over the life of the Bearpaw Formation is not clear, the influence of secondary compression cannot be ignored for interpretation of the geological history of this deposit.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".