Geographic distribution of West Nile virus reported in humans and corvids in southern Ontario, 2006
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This study analyzes the spatial risk distribution of West Nile virus (WNv) in humans and birds across southern Ontario for 2006. The relationship between bird and human risk is also investigated. Surveillance data was obtained for the number of human WNv cases and the fraction of dead birds testing positive in each public health unit. The presence of disease clustering in humans and birds was investigated using a spatial scan test. Choropleth risk maps of regional empirical Bayesian smoothed estimates were created to investigate the spatial distribution of WNv in humans and birds. Isopleth risk maps were created through kriging of smoothed estimates, and were used to identify high-risk areas as well as investigate the relationship between human and bird risk. One disease cluster was found in both humans and birds. The human disease cluster was not significant when the bird data was used as a covariate in the analysis. The choropleth and isopleth maps identified the southern portion of southern Ontario to be the highest risk area for both humans and birds. This study indicates that bird outbreaks are a potential indicator for an increase in human risk. As well, WNv risk is greatest in the southern portion of southern Ontario and is geographically spreading in comparison to previous years.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".