The Role of Sulfur Metabolism in Effective Plant-Microbe Interactions
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Bradyrhizobium japonicum USDA110 and Sinorhizobium meliloti RM1021 are nitrogen fixing rhizobia that fix nitrogen when in a symbiotic relationship with legumes. For effective nitrogen-fixing symbiosis to occur these rhizobia must differentiate into nitrogen-fixing bacteroids. This involves the production of high levels of sulfur rich nitrogenase as well as other sulfur containing compounds, creating a large demand for sulfur. This work examined the role of organic sulfur in the establishment of symbiosis and viability of rhizobia in plant nodules.\nDisruption of the sulfonate sulfur utilization gene ssuD in both Bradyrhizobium japonicum USDA110 and Sinorhizobium meliloti RM1021 resulted in a strong nitrogen deficient phenotype in the host plants. This phenotype was linked to a reduced ability to invade host plants as a result of increased sensitivity to oxidative stress. Additionally, once inside the plant nodules, the ssuD mutants were slow to grow with no observable nitrogen fixation occurring. However, the ability of ssuD mutants to continue to grow at slow rates in nodules resulted in the discovery that sulfate esters are another important sulfur source during symbiosis.\nDickeya dadantii 3937 is a phytopathogen, which causes disease in potato, maize, banana, and pineapple as well as ornamental house plants and a wide range of subtropical and tropical plants. D. dadantii has been used as a model organism for the study of secretion systems and virulence factors in phytopathogens. This work examined the regulation, induction, and role of organic and inorganic sulfur utilization genes during the infection of potato by D. dadantii.\nThe regulation of sulfur metabolism in D. dadantii was determined to be similar to the model organism Escherichia coli. However, disruption of the arylsulfatase operon slowed the spread of maceration in potato infections despite D. dadantii being unable to grow on arylsulfonates. Examination of the arylsulfatase operon resulted in the discovery of a phenol dependent sulfotransferase that was able to sulfonate salicylic acid and is hypothesized to play a role in subverting salicylic acid induced immunity in host plants.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".