Frequency and factors of earlywood frost ring formation in jack pine ( <i>Pinus banksiana</i> ) across northern lower Michigan
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Late spring frost disturbances have significant ecological and physiological impacts on forests. Frost-induced cambial damage that occurs when cells are actively dividing can result in the formation of frost rings, abnormal modifications to wood anatomy within the annual growth rings of an injured tree. Frost rings are indicators of growing season frost damage to the cambium and therefore have potential to be used both as a proxy in the reconstruction of extreme climatic events and to identify frost-prone environmental conditions. In this study, we measured the occurrence of earlywood frost rings across cambial age and diameter class in 11 jack pine (Pinus banksiana) populations of northern lower Michigan. Earlywood frost ring formation was greater in younger trees and in trees with smaller diameters. Biotic (cambial age, diameter, and ring width) and abiotic (elevation, initial site-related growth rate, and minimum temperature) factors demonstrated significant influence on the probability of earlywood frost ring formation. When using frost rings as a proxy of historical climate, susceptibility to abrupt freezing temperatures during the growing season and thus the ability of an individual tree to record a frost disturbance should be considered.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".