The environmental and genetic regulation of <i>obake</i> expressivity: morphogenetic fields as evolvable systems
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The morphogenetic field, a fundamental concept of classical embryology, is once again being invoked to describe developmental processes. Because the evolution of adult structures requires the modification of development, the ways in which morphogenetic fields can change over time may yield insights into evolutionary possibilities. We considered how the duplication/multiplication of a morphogenetic field in fruit flies, caused by the previously described obake (obk) mutation, is regulated by genetic and environmental factors. Mutations of genes in the canonical antenna-producing imaginal disc pathway suppressed duplication as expected, although the results suggested that other pathways might also be involved. Overgrowth mutations, expected to increase duplication, actually suppressed it. Mutations in the heat-shock protein gene Hsp83 did not uniformly enhance obk expressivity as hypothesized. Using third chromosomes extracted from wild-derived lines, natural genetic variation for modifiers of obk function was found to be extensive. Larval crowding suppressed the obk phenotype, but there was no evidence of trade-offs between body or head size and arista number. Our results suggest that a complex interplay of genetic and environmental factors in the regulation of fields may be responsible for ample natural variation in the expressivity of adult phenotypes, affording multiple opportunities for selection and evolutionary modification.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".