Investigating a Structural Form System for Concrete Girders Using Commercially Available GFRP Sheet-Pile Sections
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
This paper presents a new girder consisting of a trapezoidal pultruded glass fiber-reinforced polymer (GFRP) hat-shaped section commercially available as a sheet pile, but used in this study as a structural form for concrete. It can also offer continuity in the transverse direction through a pin-and-eye connection. Five 610 mm×325 mm and 3,300-mm-long girders were tested in flexure to examine different bond systems, voided and solid concrete cores, and the performance in positive and negative bending. Bond systems were wet adhesive bond to freshly cast concrete, adhesively bonded coarse aggregates, and mechanical shear studs. No slip was observed between concrete and the GFRP section until delamination failure occurred within a thin layer of cement mortar that remained attached to GFRP. The studs failed by pull out from the concrete flange. In general, 47–75% of the full strengths of concrete and GFRP were reached at ultimate bond failure. Wet adhesive bonding was the simplest and quickest to apply, while resulting in a comparable strength to other systems. A “moment-curvature” analytical model, incorporating a robust bond failure criterion, was developed, validated, and used in a parametric study. It showed that varying the concrete compressive strength or thickness of the GFRP section has insignificant effect on the bond failure load. Also, there are critical values for shear span-to-depth ratio, shear strength of cement mortar, concrete strength, and width of the top GFRP flange, beyond which, the desired flexural failure mode would precede bond failure.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it