Comparative <i>in vitro</i> performance of valved holding chambers with a budesonide/formoterol pressurized metered-dose inhaler
Bibliographic record
Abstract
A combination of budesonide and formoterol in a single pressurized metered-dose inhaler (pMDI) is available in the United States and elsewhere. This study was designed to evaluate the delivered dose and fine particle dose (FPD; mass of particles <4.7-micrometer diameter) using the pMDI with two valved holding chambers (VHCs), using sampling methods reflecting different patient techniques. FPD was measured using an Andersen Cascade Impactor and delivered dose was measured using a disposable filter. Two VHCs, AeroChamber Plus and AeroChamber MAX (Trudell Medical International, London, Ontario, Canada), were evaluated using three sampling methods: (1) immediate collection; (2) collection after up to a 5-second delay; (3) using simulated adult, child, and infant tidal breathing patterns (delivered dose). Decreases in delivered dose were observed using a VHC compared with the pMDI alone. FPD with both VHCs was similar to that with the pMDI alone with minimal delay between actuation and collection. With delays, the antistatic AeroChamber MAX was more resistant than AeroChamber Plus to dose losses. Delivered doses from adult and child profiles were comparable with those after a 1-second delay. The infant profile produced lower delivered doses, probably because more breath cycles are required to empty the VHC. Budesonide/formoterol pMDI can be used effectively with AeroChamber Plus and the antistatic AeroChamber MAX. With minimal delay between actuation and collection, FPD with both VHCs was similar to that with the pMDI alone, giving physicians a choice of administration regimen and taking into account the needs and skills of the patient.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".