Geotechnical properties of a municipal water treatment sludge incorporating a coagulant
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The geotechnical properties of a municipal water treatment sludge from an upland catchment are presented. The gelatinous sludge comprised flocs of mainly quartz, manganoan calcite, and clay-sized organic solids, and incorporated an alum coagulant and an anionic polyelectrolyte. Standard Proctor compaction yielded low bulk density values of 0.95–1.10 t/m 3 and dry density values of 0.12–0.36 t/m 3 (water content is 160%–780%) in line with the low specific gravity of solids value of 1.86. The undrained shear strength and the water content were inversely related on a semi-log plot. The effective stress shear strength parameter values were c' = 0 and ϕ' = 39°. The consolidation properties were studied using the oedometer, consolidometer, and triaxial apparatus. The material was highly compressible with primary compression index (C c ) values of 2.5–3.7, and primary compression ratio (C* c ) values of 0.20–0.28. The majority of the strain response occurred due to primary consolidation although the material had a very low permeability (coefficient of permeability values decreasing from 2 × 10 −9 to 5 × 10 −11 m/s for an effective vertical stress of σ' v = 3–800 kPa). Secondary compression was minor, with a mean secondary compression index (C αe ) value of 0.15, and C αe /C c = 0.04–0.06.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".