Peak-to-average power ratio analysis in multicode CDMA
Why this work is in the frame
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
This paper analyzes the peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) problem in multicode-code division multiple access (MC-CDMA) systems. The statistical distribution of PAPR is derived and the achievable PAPR reduction for a given code rate is estimated. We show that the PAPR in MC-CDMA communications systems can be reduced by partial transmit sequence (PTS) and selected mapping (SLM) approaches. In PTS, the subblocks are multiplied by a set of phase factors that are optimized to minimize PAPR. In SLM, several independent data frames are generated and the data frame with the lowest PAPR is selected for transmission. We also show that the BER performance improves when the PAPR-reduced MC-CDMA signal is passed through a nonlinear amplifier. SLM reduces the error floor caused by amplifier nonlinearities and offers an SNR gain of 6 dB at 10/sup -5/ BER with an input back-off of 1 dB.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it