Field monitoring and analysis of twin 3660 mm inside diameter induced trench culverts installed under 21.7 m of fill
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Although several induced trench field instrumentations have been reported in the literature, none have been for twin culverts. This paper describes a field instrumentation of twin 3660 mm inside diameter concrete culverts installed in an induced trench under 21.7 m of fill. Earth pressures were measured at the crown, shoulder, springline, haunch, and invert locations. Average earth pressures measured at the crown and springline were 0.67 and 0.32 times the overburden, respectively. Due to the large culvert size, proper compaction in the haunch regions was not achieved and the bedding was lightly compacted for constructability reasons. These factors resulted in high earth pressures at the inverts (greater than approximately 1400 kPa) and low pressures at the haunches (32–165 kPa). Numerical modelling was used to determine a vertical earth load of 0.87 times the soil prism load. The twin induced trench condition resulted in vertical earth loads 6% higher and 30% lower than the single induced trench and twin positive projecting conditions, respectively. The induced trench method therefore appears to be a viable installation option for large-diameter twin culverts, provided that issues related to bedding and constructability are addressed.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".