Current-Mode Phase-Locked Loops With CMOS Active Transformers
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This paper introduces active transformer current- mode phase-locked loops (PLLs). The proposed PLLs replaces the RC loop filter of voltage-mode PLLs with an active transformer loop filter to take the advantage of their large inductance and small silicon area. A current-controlled LC oscillator with active inductors is employed to further reduce silicon area. The sensitivity of the cutoff frequency of active transformer loop filter to supply voltage fluctuation and process variation is analyzed. A 3-GHz PLL has been implemented in TSMC 0.18-mum 6-metal 1.8-V CMOS technology and analyzed using SpectreRF with BSIM3v3 device models and Verilog-AMS from cadence design systems. The lock time of the PLL is 60 ns. The power consumption and phase noise of the PLL are 16 m W and -100 dBc/Hz at 1-MHz frequency offset, respectively. The layout area of the PLL is 2800 mum <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> .
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".