Virus-Activated Interferon Regulatory Factor 7 Upregulates Expression of the Interferon-Regulated <i>BST2</i> Gene Independently of Interferon Signaling
Bibliographic record
Abstract
BST-2/tetherin is an interferon (IFN)-inducible host restriction factor that inhibits the release of many enveloped viruses and functions as a negative-feedback regulator of IFN production by plasmacytoid dendritic cells. Currently, mechanisms underlying BST2 transcriptional regulation by type I IFN remain largely unknown. Here, we demonstrate that the BST2 promoter is a secondary target of the IFN cascade and show that a single IRF binding site is sufficient to render this promoter responsive to IFN-α. Interestingly, expression of IRF-1 or virus-activated forms of IRF-3 and IRF-7 stimulated the BST2 promoter even under conditions where type I IFN signaling was inhibited. Indeed, vesicular stomatitis virus could directly upregulate BST-2 during infection of mouse embryonic fibroblasts through a process that required IRF-7 but was independent from the type I IFN cascade; however, in order to achieve optimal BST-2 induction, the type I IFN cascade needed to be engaged through activation of IRF-3. Furthermore, using human peripheral blood mononuclear cells, we show that BST-2 upregulation is part of an early intrinsic immune response since TLR8 and TLR3 agonists, known to trigger pathways that mediate activation of IRF proteins, could upregulate BST-2 prior to engagement of the type I IFN pathway. Collectively, our findings reveal that BST2 is activated by the same signals that trigger type I IFN production, outlining a regulatory mechanism ensuring that production of type I IFN and expression of a host restriction factor involved in the IFN negative-feedback loop are closely coordinated.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".