Storage Stability of Biodiesel and Ultralow Sulfur Diesel Fuel Blends
Bibliographic record
Abstract
A biodiesel storage stability study was conducted on ultralow sulfur diesel fuel (ULSDF) and three biodiesel basestocks (B100) and fuel blends (B2, B5, B10, and B20). The storage stability study consisted in measuring and monitoring the changes in acid number (AN, ASTM D664-04) and kinematic viscosity (ASTM D445) over 10 months with different samples stored at 5°C, 40°C, and cyclic thermal conditions. Among the three biodiesel base fuels (B100) studied, Bio1 (from tallow) and Bio2 (from yellow grease) showed the largest increase in AN throughout 6 months of storage at 40°C while Bio3 (from canola) showed the least increase in AN. Bio1, Bio2, and Bio3 samples stored at 5°C showed very little increases in acidity after 10 month, while samples stored under thermal cycling conditions were comparable to those stored at 40°C. The AN for ULSDF and all blends between B2 and B20 for Bio1, Bio2 and Bio3 remained in the range of 0.1–0.3 mg KOH g−1 for all temperatures and throughout the storage period well below the ASTM 6751 limit of 0.5 mg KOH g−1. All blends showed a lower increase in AN than any of the base fuels. All fuels were submitted to accelerated oxidative testing, which also revealed a greater stability of the blends than for the biodiesel base fuels. Bio1 (from tallow) blends displayed a greater stability under accelerated oxidative testing while Bio2 (from yellow grease) displayed the least. The impact of storage conditions on the viscosities of all the base fuels and blends was negligible.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".