Consequences of Air Exposure on the Physiology and Behavior of Caught-and-Released Common Carp in the Laboratory and under Natural Conditions
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Specialized anglers of Common Carp Cyprinus carpio in Europe and increasingly in North America usually release trophy-sized fish, often following retention in carp sacks, to facilitate photographic memories. This practice is associated with extended air exposure. We assessed the impact of air exposure for a period of 10 min after capture and after an additional 9 h of retention in carp sacks on the physiology of small carp at two water temperatures (12°C and 22°C) under laboratory conditions. In a complementary field experiment with large carp, we also assessed the effects of air exposure on their physiology and additionally assessed the effects on tissue damage, postrelease behavior (i.e., movement and time rested), and survival. In the laboratory, plasma lactate increased by 24% during air exposure following simulated capture, and blood pH dropped by 0.16 units relative to a capture-only situation. Other physiological variables were unaffected by the treatment. In the field, air exposure after capture did not affect any physiological variables or indicators of tissue damage. During retention in carp sacks, fish recovered from capture, but subsequent air exposure caused a plasma lactate rise of 358% in the laboratory and 89% in the field experiment, and blood pH dropped by 0.38 units in the laboratory relative to that for the retained fish. In the field experiment, postrelease movement was significantly reduced in air-exposed fish, but normalized within 12 h. No mortalities occurred within 2 months postrelease. From a fish welfare perspective, our results suggest that photography should be conducted directly following capture without further retention in carp sacks as this approach is less deleterious to the fish. However, there is no benefit in doing so for maintaining carp populations because no substantial mortalities are to be expected. Overall, Common Carp are highly resilient to even extended air exposure. Received April 26, 2013; accepted October 8, 2013
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".