Independent Association of Drug-Resistant Hypertension to Reduced Sleep Duration and Efficiency
Bibliographic record
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Experimentally induced sleep deprivation can raise blood pressure (BP) and worsen hypertension. We recently reported a significantly higher prevalence of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) and reduced rapid eye movement (REM) sleep time in drug-resistant hypertensives compared to controlled hypertensives. The objective of this study was to test the hypothesis that short sleep duration is associated with resistant hypertension (RH) independently of OSA, which can itself disrupt and shorten sleep. METHODS: In a case-control study, overnight polysomnographic results of subjects with OSA and RH (n = 62) were compared to those with OSA of equal severity and either controlled hypertension (CH) (n = 49) or normotension (n = 40). RESULTS: Subjects with RH slept 33.8 min (P = 0.02) and 37.2 min (P = 0.02) less than those with CH and normotension, respectively. Consequently, sleep efficiency was reduced by 7.9% (P = 0.007) and 10.2% (P = 0.002), respectively. They also spent 9.7 min (P = 0.06) and 11.6 min (P = 0.04) less time in REM sleep compared to those with CH and normotension, respectively. Older age, greater body mass index (BMI) and greater apnea-hypopnea index (AHI) were also associated with shorter sleep time (P = 0.02, P = 0.001, and P = 0.03, respectively) and reduced sleep efficiency (P = 0.0003, P = 0.03, and P = 0.01, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: Our study demonstrates that, compared to subjects with CH or normotension, those with RH have shorter total and REM sleep times and lower sleep efficiency independently of OSA. These data suggest that reduced sleep time may contribute to the severity of hypertension.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".