Bibliographic record
Abstract
An essential stage in the release of an avalanche is the propagation of a fracture through a weak snowpack layer. As the fracture propagates, the slab looses its support and comes into contact with the bed surface. In the area of contact, the sliding motion of the slab is constrained by frictional forces. This particular friction process has received little experimental attention until today. Studies on sliding friction have mainly been performed on snow samples composed of small rounded grains in direct contact. In the present study we determine the friction coefficient of weak layers by analysing video records of snow samples sliding down-slope after a weak layer had fractured. The slab and the bed surface are then in indirect contact as the interface consists of the collapsed weak layer. The experiments were carried out in the mountains of British Columbia, Canada, and in the mountains around Davos, Switzerland , between 2002 and 2009. Assuming Coulomb-type friction the initial acceleration of the snow sample is used to determine the friction coefficients. The measurements show an initial friction coefficient on the order of 0.6 and the tendency to decrease thereafter. This is accompanied by the gradual erosion of the interface between the slab and the bed surface.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".