The coordination of S-sulfhydration, S-nitrosylation, and phosphorylation of endothelial nitric oxide synthase by hydrogen sulfide
Why this work is in the frame
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
The gasotransmitter hydrogen sulfide (H(2)S), which is generated by cystathionine γ-lyase (CSE), signals by modifying proteins through S-sulfhydration and potentially other mechanisms. A target protein for H(2)S is endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS), an enzyme that generates nitric oxide (NO), which causes vasodilation. We investigated whether H(2)S-induced S-sulfhydration affected the S-nitrosylation and phosphorylation of eNOS and the functional effects of changes in these posttranslational modifications on eNOS activity. In vitro, different NO donors induced the S-nitrosylation of eNOS without affecting its S-sulfhydration, whereas the H(2)S donor sodium hydrosulfide (NaHS) decreased the S-nitrosylation of eNOS. Cys(443) was the primary S-sulfhydration site in eNOS and was one site that could be S-nitrosylated. Phosphorylation increases eNOS activity. Although exposure of eNOS-expressing HEK-293 cells to NaHS or vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) triggered the phosphorylation of wild-type and C443G-eNOS, VEGF did not affect the S-sulfhydration of eNOS and a mutant of eNOS that could not be phosphorylated was still S-sulfhydrated. eNOS can be present in cells in monomeric or dimeric form, but only eNOS dimers produce NO. In wild-type mice, eNOS proteins were predominantly dimerized, whereas eNOS from CSE-knockout (KO) mice, S-nitrosylated eNOS, and heterologously expressed C443G-eNOS was mostly monomeric. Accordingly, basal production of NO was lower in CSE-KO endothelial cells than in wild-type endothelial cells. Our data suggest that H(2)S increases eNOS activity by inducing the S-sulfhydration of eNOS, promoting its phosphorylation, inhibiting its S-nitrosylation, and increasing eNOS dimerization, whereas NO decreases eNOS activity by promoting the formation of eNOS monomers.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it