Pre‐ and post‐dispersal factors regulate germination patterns and structural characteristics of Scotch thistle (<i>Onopordum acanthium</i>) cypselas
Bibliographic record
Abstract
• Although Scotch thistle (Onopordum acanthium) is known to have cypselas whose dormancy is affected by maturation temperature, a detailed study of plant development, cypsela structure and germination responses after maturing under contrasting temperatures has not been done. • Plants were grown under high and low temperature regimes in glasshouses and under field conditions in 2000 and 2001. Each year, phenological and developmental characteristics of plants were monitored and cypselas were collected twice. Cypselas were germinated fresh and after 4 months after-ripening, and also examined for surface and internal characteristics by scanning electron microscopy. • Plants from the lower temperature regime were taller, had thicker shoots, larger leaves, larger capitula that appeared sooner, and more, slower-to-mature and larger cypselas with smoother surfaces, thicker coats and higher moisture contents. However, their germination percentages were lower. After after-ripening most cypselas germinated. • In both years, consistent and significant differences in germination patterns and structural characteristics between cypselas from the two temperature regimes indicated that both pre- and postdispersal factors were involved in regulating the germinability of O. acanthium cypselas.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".