A Universally Applicable <sup>68</sup>Ga-Labeling Technique for Proteins
Bibliographic record
Abstract
UNLABELLED: Although protein-based PET imaging agents are projected to become important tracer molecules in the future, the labeling of complex biomolecules with PET radionuclides is inexpedient and, most of the time, challenging. METHODS: Here we present a straightforward labeling chemistry to attach the versatile radionuclide (68)Ga to proteins. Introducing the (68)Ga chelating agent NODA-GA-T (2,2'-(7-(1-carboxy-4-(2-mercaptoethylamino)-4-oxobutyl)-1,4,7-triazonane-1,4-diyl)diacetic acid) by reaction with proteins chemically processed with sulfo-SMCC (4-(N-maleimidomethyl)cyclohexane-1-carboxylic acid 3-sulfo-N-hydroxysuccinimide ester sodium salt) results in labeling precursors, enabling a simple and rapid kit-labeling procedure that requires no workup of the radiolabeled proteins. Various (68)Ga- proteins were labeled using this method, and the radiochemical yields and specific activities of the labeled proteins were determined. To show that the radiotracers are applicable for in vivo studies, proof-of-concept small-animal PET images were acquired in healthy rats using (68)Ga rat serum albumin for blood-pool imaging and (68)Ga-annexin V for apoptosis imaging in mice with a left ventricular myocardial infarction. RESULTS: The proteins could be modified, yielding 1.2-1.7 (68)Ga-labeling sites per protein molecule. All investigated proteins could be labeled in high radiochemical yields of 95% or more in less than 10 min in 1 step, using acetate-buffered medium (pH 3.5-4.0) at room temperature without any further purification. The labeled proteins displayed specific activities of 20-45 GBq/μmol (540-1,200 Ci/mmol). In the proof-of-concept in vivo studies, (68)Ga rat serum albumin and (68)Ga-annexin V were successfully used for in vivo imaging. Both radiotracers showed a favorable biodistribution in the animal models, thus demonstrating the usefulness of the developed approach for the kit (68)Ga labeling of proteins. CONCLUSION: The preprocessing of proteins proceeds in high chemical yields and with high protein recovery rates after purification. These precursors can be stored for several months at -20°C without degradation, and (68)Ga labeling can be performed in a 1-step kit-labeling reaction in high radiochemical yields. Two of the derivatized model proteins were successfully used in proof-of-concept in vivo imaging studies to prove the applicability of this kit (68)Ga-labeling technique.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".