Spatial and temporal patterns of break‐up and ice‐jam flooding in the Mackenzie Delta, NWT
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract The Mackenzie Delta is covered in freshwater lakes that provide habitat for a myriad of species. The hydrology and ecology of these delta lakes are dominated by cryospheric processes, specifically spring break‐up ice jams, which typically produce the largest hydrologic event of the year. Despite the importance of ice‐induced flooding in the delta, the patterns and processes characterizing these events are poorly understood. In this paper, archived records at a dozen hydrometric stations in the delta for the period from 1974 to 2006, improved with information from remotely sensed imagery, are used to assemble a break‐up chronology for the delta, and examine the spatial and temporal patterns of break‐up flooding. Analysis of backwater level and discharge at the Mackenzie River at Arctic Red River (MARR) station are used to explain the physical rationale of the resulting patterns. Results highlight years of extensive delta flooding, and within the subset of significant flood years, two event types are identified: (1) ice‐driven events, with high backwater levels at MARR associated with high levels in the southern and eastern/western delta, and (2) discharge‐driven events, with extensive high‐water levels in the mid/outer delta and along Middle Channel, despite lower upstream peak water levels. Temporally, the break‐up initiation during ice‐ (discharge‐) driven events occurs earlier (later) than the delta average. These occur later (earlier) in the time‐series that is trending toward earlier break‐ups. The MARR station is determined to be a suitable index of delta peak water levels for continued investigation into the hydroclimatic controls on extreme hydrological events in the Mackenzie Delta. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".