A wide diversity of previously undetected free‐living relatives of diplomonads isolated from marine/saline habitats
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Over the last 15 years classical culturing and environmental PCR techniques have revealed a modest number of genuinely new major lineages of protists; however, some new groups have greatly influenced our understanding of eukaryote evolution. We used culturing techniques to examine the diversity of free-living protists that are relatives of diplomonads and retortamonads, a group of evolutionary and parasitological importance. Until recently, a single organism, Carpediemonas membranifera, was the only representative of this region of the tree. We report 18 new isolates of Carpediemonas-like organisms (CLOs) from anoxic marine sediments. Only one is a previously cultured species. Eleven isolates are conspecific and were classified within a new genus, Kipferlia n. gen. The remaining isolates include representatives of three other lineages that likely represent additional undescribed genera (at least). Small-subunit ribosomal RNA gene phylogenies show that CLOs form a cloud of six major clades basal to the diplomonad-retortamonad grouping (i.e. each of the six CLO clades is potentially as phylogenetically distinct as diplomonads and retortamonads). CLOs will be valuable for tracing the evolution of diplomonad cellular features, for example, their extremely reduced mitochondrial organelles. It is striking that the majority of CLO diversity was undetected by previous light microscopy surveys and environmental PCR studies, even though they inhabit a commonly sampled environment. There is no reason to assume this is a unique situation - it is likely that undersampling at the level of major lineages is still widespread for protists.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".