Germination Ecology of Biennial Wormwood (<i>Artemisia biennis</i>) and Lanceleaf Sage (<i>Salvia reflexa</i>) Seeds
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Biennial wormwood and lanceleaf sage have become serious weeds of several crops within the northern Great Plains of the United States and Canada. Both species are prolific seed producers but little is known about their potential for developing persistent seedbanks. Field studies were conducted to determine the influence of duration (7, 8, 11, 19, 20, and 23 mo) and depth of burial (0, 2.5, and 10 cm) on biennial wormwood and lanceleaf sage seed viability and decay. Biennial wormwood and lanceleaf sage seeds were buried in September 2003 (burial 1) and September 2004 (burial 2). In burial 1, biennial wormwood and lanceleaf sage seed viability was 65 and 66%, respectively, after 23 mo of burial. In burial 2, biennial wormwood and lanceleaf sage seed viability was 8 and 3%, respectively, after 23 mo of burial. The difference was likely because of higher soil moisture during burial 2, which promoted seed decay. Controlled-environment studies sought to determine the influence of stratification environments (freezing, chilling, and freeze–thaw) followed by exposure to diurnally fluctuating temperatures on germination of biennial wormwood and lanceleaf sage seeds. Stratified biennial wormwood seed germination was 95% or greater when incubated in fluctuating day/night temperatures of 37/20 or 37/25 C. Stratified lanceleaf sage seeds from freezing and chilling environments did not differ in germination following incubation in fluctuating temperatures and averaged 56 and 55%, respectively. Germination of stratified lanceleaf sage seeds from the freezing and thawing environment was higher than 50% during the thawing cycle, suggesting the possibility of early season emergence of this species. Our study indicates that biennial wormwood and lanceleaf sage have the potential to develop a seedbank that can persist for more than 2 yr. High moisture levels in the soil seedbank can lead to reduced seed survival.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".