Commentary: The contingencies of income inequality and health: reflections on the Canadian Experience
Bibliographic record
Abstract
In this issue of the International Journal of Epidemiology, Amir Shmueli recounts several health and economic indicators for Israel between 1979 and 2000.1 On the health side of things, life expectancy at birth increased by more than 5 years for both men and women as infant mortality declined precipitously. On the economic side of things, absolute wealth (measured in 1995 dollars per capita) rose from about 36 000 IS in 1979 to more than 54 000 IS in 2000. Inequality in the distribution of income also rose during the period, however, there were only modest increases in post-transfer and disposable income inequality. The most obvious increases in income inequality were to be found in the increasing gap in earned income. In other words, between 1979 and 2000 the gap created by polarized wages and returns from investment income was really quite significant. During the period, on average everyone was getting healthier and the Israeli economy was indeed growing but the health gains and growth appeared alongside increasingly polarized labour market opportunities and returns. In order to keep the post-transfer and post-tax (disposable) Gini coefficient fairly steady over time, it's clear in Shmueli's time series that the Israeli government had to up its involvement in terms of income transfers over the period.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.007 | 0.033 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.016 | 0.009 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.005 | 0.006 |
| Open science | 0.007 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.050 | 0.041 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.009 | 0.002 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".